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Spine Surgery is a specialized field of medicine focused on diagnosing and surgically treating conditions affecting the vertebrae, spinal discs, spinal cord, and nerves of the neck and back. It is usually considered when symptoms are severe, neurological function is affected, or non-surgical treatments such as medicines, physiotherapy, and injections do not provide sufficient relief.
This specialty treats a wide range of spinal conditions, including herniated or slipped discs, spinal stenosis, scoliosis, spinal fractures, degenerative disc disease, nerve compression, spinal instability, infections, and tumours. These conditions may cause persistent neck or back pain, numbness, weakness, difficulty walking, or pain that spreads into the arms or legs.
Diagnosis usually begins with a detailed medical history, physical examination, and neurological assessment. Additional tests may include X-rays, MRI scans, CT scans, nerve-conduction studies, or blood tests. These investigations help the surgeon identify the exact location and severity of the problem and determine whether surgery is the most suitable treatment option.
Treatment depends on the condition and may include discectomy, laminectomy, spinal decompression, spinal fusion, fracture fixation, deformity correction, or removal of spinal tumours. Minimally invasive and endoscopic spine surgery may also be used in selected cases to reduce tissue damage, blood loss, post-operative pain, and recovery time.
With advances in surgical navigation, imaging, implants, and minimally invasive techniques, many spine conditions can now be treated more precisely. Spine surgeons often work with neurologists, pain specialists, physiotherapists, and rehabilitation teams. The main aim is to relieve pressure on the nerves or spinal cord, reduce pain, stabilise the spine, improve movement, and help patients return safely to daily activities.
Explore procedures, recovery times, and what to expect from each treatment
Spinal stenosis surgery relieves pressure on nerves caused by narrowing of the spinal canal in the lower back or neck. Several surgical approaches exist — from laminectomy to minimally invasive decompression and fusion — and the right choice depends on the level affected, stability of the spine, and a discussion with your surgeon.
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Cervical spondylosis is age-related wear and tear of the discs, joints, and bones in the neck. Most people are managed with physiotherapy, posture work, and medications; some need surgery when nerves or the spinal cord are compressed. Recovery and long-term care depend on the severity and the chosen treatment path.
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Lumbar spine surgery treats lower back conditions such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis when non-surgical care has not worked. Several procedures and approaches exist, from microdiscectomy to spinal fusion, and the right choice depends on the underlying diagnosis.
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Laminectomy is a spine operation that removes part of a vertebral bone called the lamina to relieve pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. It is used for conditions such as spinal stenosis, herniated discs, and bone spurs. Approaches include open, minimally invasive, and laminectomy with fusion.
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Cervical spine surgery treats problems in the neck region of the spine, including herniated discs, spinal stenosis, nerve root compression, and spinal cord compression (myelopathy). Several procedures and approaches exist — including fusion, disc replacement, and posterior decompression — and the right choice depends on the underlying condition and a discussion with your spine surgeon.
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A slip disc, also called a herniated disc, happens when the soft cushion between two spine bones bulges or tears and presses on a nearby nerve. Most cases improve with rest, physiotherapy, and medication. When symptoms are severe or persistent, surgery such as a microdiscectomy may be considered.
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Degenerative disc disease (DDD) is the gradual wear of the cushioning discs between the vertebrae of the spine. It can cause chronic neck or back pain, stiffness, and nerve symptoms. Most people improve with non-surgical care; surgery is considered in selected cases, and long-term outcomes are generally good with structured management.
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Degenerative spinal stenosis is age-related narrowing of the spinal canal that puts pressure on nerves and can cause back pain, leg pain, numbness, or difficulty walking. Treatment ranges from physiotherapy and injections to decompression or fusion surgery, depending on severity and how it affects daily life.
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Discectomy is a surgical procedure that removes the part of a spinal disc pressing on a nerve, usually to relieve leg or arm pain from a herniated disc. Several approaches exist, including open discectomy, microdiscectomy, and endoscopic discectomy. The right choice depends on the disc level, your symptoms, and a discussion with your spine surgeon.
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Disc replacement surgery removes a damaged spinal disc in the neck or lower back and replaces it with an artificial implant designed to preserve movement. It is one option for selected patients with disc-related pain that has not improved with non-surgical care, and is often considered alongside spinal fusion.
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Endoscopic spine surgery is a minimally invasive technique that uses a small camera and instruments passed through a tube about the width of a pencil to treat conditions such as herniated discs and spinal stenosis. It offers smaller incisions and faster recovery than traditional open surgery, but is not suitable for every spinal problem.
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Lumbar spondylosis is the medical term for age-related wear and tear of the lower spine, including the discs, joints, and ligaments. It can cause lower back pain, stiffness, and sometimes leg symptoms when nerves are affected. Most people improve with conservative care; surgery is reserved for specific situations.
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Microdiscectomy is a minimally invasive spine operation that removes the portion of a herniated disc pressing on a spinal nerve. It is used mainly to relieve sciatica and other nerve symptoms when conservative care has not worked. Several surgical approaches exist, and recovery typically unfolds over several weeks.
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Revision spine surgery is a second (or later) operation performed when a previous spine surgery has not relieved symptoms or has caused new problems, a situation often called failed back surgery syndrome. The right approach depends on the underlying cause, prior surgery, and a careful workup with a spine specialist.
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Spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the spinal cord that affects movement, sensation, and body functions below the level of injury. Care unfolds in phases — acute stabilisation, surgery if needed, rehabilitation, and lifelong management. Outcomes depend on the level and completeness of the injury.
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Spinal deformity correction is surgery to straighten and stabilise abnormal curves of the spine, such as scoliosis, kyphosis, or adult degenerative deformity. It uses spinal fusion, rods, and screws to realign the spine, ease nerve pressure, and prevent further progression. Several surgical approaches exist, and recovery typically unfolds over months.
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Spinal fusion surgery permanently joins two or more vertebrae using bone graft and implants such as screws, rods, or cages. It is used for spinal instability, severe disc disease, deformities like scoliosis, fractures, and nerve compression when non-surgical care has not worked.
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Spinal trauma surgery treats injuries to the spine caused by accidents, falls, or other sudden impact. It stabilises broken vertebrae, relieves pressure on the spinal cord, and protects nerve function. Recovery often involves a hospital phase, intensive rehabilitation, and long-term adaptation depending on the injury.
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Spinal tumor surgery removes or reduces growths in or around the spinal cord, spinal nerves, or vertebrae, with the aim of relieving pressure, preserving nerve function, and stabilising the spine. The approach depends on the tumor type, location, and whether it is benign or malignant, and surgery is often part of a wider treatment plan.
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Spondylolisthesis is a spinal condition where one vertebra slips forward over the vertebra below it. Treatment ranges from physiotherapy and pain management for mild cases to decompression or spinal fusion surgery for severe slippage causing nerve compression or instability.
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Spondylolysis, also called a pars defect, is a stress fracture in a small bony bridge at the back of a lower spine vertebra. It is most often seen in young athletes with low back pain. Most cases are managed with rest, bracing, and physiotherapy, with surgery reserved for selected patients.
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Thoracic spine surgery treats problems in the mid-back, between the neck and lower back. It is used for conditions such as disc herniation, spinal stenosis, fractures, tumours, and deformity. Several surgical approaches exist, and recovery depends on the condition treated and whether fusion is needed.
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Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty are minimally invasive procedures used to stabilise painful spinal compression fractures, most often caused by osteoporosis or cancer. Bone cement is injected into the broken vertebra to relieve pain and restore stability. The two techniques differ in whether a balloon is used first to restore vertebral height.
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